"kovati" meaning in Old Czech

See kovati in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈkoʋaci/ (note: 13ᵗʰ CE), /ˈkovaci/ (note: 15ᵗʰ CE)
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂- Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der. Proto-Slavic *kovati Old Czech kovati Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati. Etymology templates: {{ety|zlw-ocs|:inh|sla-pro:*kovati|text=+|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂- Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der. Proto-Slavic *kovati Old Czech kovati [Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*kowh₂-", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*kewh₂-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Balto-Slavic", "term" : "*kauˀ-", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-bsl-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Slavic", "term" : "*kovati", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "sla-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old Czech", "term" : "kovati", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "zlw-ocs" }" data-lang="zlw-ocs" data-title="kovati"> Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati. Head templates: {{zlw-ocs-verb|a=impf}} kovati impf Inflection templates: {{zlw-ocs-conj|impf|tr|5d}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], kovati [infinitive], kovat [supine], kovánie [noun-from-verb], no-table-tags [table-tags], kuju [first-person, present, singular], kujevě (-va) [dual, first-person, present], kujem (-me/-my) [first-person, plural, present], - [first-person, imperative, singular], kujvě (-va) [dual, first-person, imperative], kujme (-my) [first-person, imperative, plural], kuješ [present, second-person, singular], kujeta [dual, present, second-person], kujete [plural, present, second-person], kuj [imperative, second-person, singular], kujta [dual, imperative, second-person], kujte [imperative, plural, second-person], kuje [present, singular, third-person], kujeta [dual, present, third-person], kujú [plural, present, third-person], kuj [imperative, singular, third-person], kujta [dual, imperative, third-person], kujte [imperative, plural, third-person], no-table-tags [table-tags], kovach [aorist, first-person, singular], kovachově (-va) [aorist, dual, first-person], kovachom (-me/-my) [aorist, first-person, plural], kovách [first-person, imperfect, singular], kujiech [first-person, imperfect, singular], kováchově [dual, first-person, imperfect], kujiechově (-va) [dual, first-person, imperfect], kováchom [first-person, imperfect, plural], kujiechom (-me/-my) [first-person, imperfect, plural], kova [aorist, second-person, singular], kovasta (-šta) [aorist, dual, second-person], kovaste (-šte) [aorist, plural, second-person], kováše [imperfect, second-person, singular], kujieše [imperfect, second-person, singular], kovášta [dual, imperfect, second-person], kujiešta (-sta) [dual, imperfect, second-person], kovášte [imperfect, plural, second-person], kujiešte (-ste) [imperfect, plural, second-person], kova [aorist, singular, third-person], kovasta (-šta) [aorist, dual, third-person], kovachu [aorist, plural, third-person], kováše [imperfect, singular, third-person], kujieše [imperfect, singular, third-person], kovášta [dual, imperfect, third-person], kujiešta (-sta) [dual, imperfect, third-person], kováchu [imperfect, plural, third-person], kujiechu [imperfect, plural, third-person], no-table-tags [table-tags], koval [l-participle, masculine, singular], kovala [dual, l-participle, masculine], kovali [l-participle, masculine, plural], kován [masculine, participle, passive, singular], kována [dual, masculine, participle, passive], kováni [masculine, participle, passive, plural], kovala [feminine, l-participle, singular], kovale [dual, feminine, l-participle], kovaly [feminine, l-participle, plural], kována [feminine, participle, passive, singular], kováně [dual, feminine, participle, passive], kovány [feminine, participle, passive, plural], kovalo [l-participle, neuter, singular], kovale [dual, l-participle, neuter], kovala [l-participle, neuter, plural], kováno [neuter, participle, passive, singular], kováně [dual, neuter, participle, passive], kována [neuter, participle, passive, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], kujě [error-unrecognized-form, masculine, singular], kujúce [dual, error-unrecognized-form, masculine, plural], kovav [error-unrecognized-form, masculine, singular], kovavše [dual, error-unrecognized-form, masculine, plural], kujúci [error-unrecognized-form, feminine, singular], kujúce [dual, error-unrecognized-form, feminine, plural], kovavši [error-unrecognized-form, feminine, singular], kovavše [dual, error-unrecognized-form, feminine, plural], kujě [error-unrecognized-form, neuter, singular], kujúci [error-unrecognized-form, neuter, singular], kujúce [dual, error-unrecognized-form, neuter, plural], kovav [error-unrecognized-form, neuter, singular], kovavši [error-unrecognized-form, neuter, singular], kovavše [dual, error-unrecognized-form, neuter, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags]
  1. to forge, to hammer Tags: imperfective Derived forms: kov, kovadlina, kovadlník, kovatel, kovač, kovárna, kovář, podkova
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "word": "kovat"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "word": "kout"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "*kewh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kewh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*kauˀ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/kauˀ-"
    ],
    [
      "*kovati",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati"
    ],
    [
      "*kovati",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-ocs",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "sla-pro:*kovati",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kewh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *kowh₂-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der.\nProto-Slavic *kovati\nOld Czech kovati\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*kowh₂-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*kewh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kauˀ-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kovati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Czech\", \"term\" : \"kovati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-ocs\" }\" data-lang=\"zlw-ocs\" data-title=\"kovati\">\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kewh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *kowh₂-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der.\nProto-Slavic *kovati\nOld Czech kovati\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovati",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovánie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujevě (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujem (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujvě (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujme (-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuješ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujú",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovach",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachově (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachom (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovách",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiech",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechově (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechom (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kova",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovasta (-šta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovaste (-šte)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujieše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešta (-sta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešte (-ste)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kova",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovasta (-šta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujieše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešta (-sta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "koval",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "l-participle",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kován",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "l-participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovale",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "l-participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovaly",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "l-participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováně",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovány",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovalo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovale",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "l-participle",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováno",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováně",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovav",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúci",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavši",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúci",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovav",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavši",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "a": "impf"
      },
      "expansion": "kovati impf",
      "name": "zlw-ocs-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "2": "tr",
        "3": "5d"
      },
      "name": "zlw-ocs-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Czech",
  "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Czech entries with etymology texts",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Czech entries with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Czech entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Czech entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Czech terms with collocations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "kov"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovadlina"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovadlník"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovatel"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovač"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovárna"
        },
        {
          "word": "kovář"
        },
        {
          "word": "podkova"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              6
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "to prepare a betrayal",
          "tags": [
            "collocation"
          ],
          "text": "kovati zradu",
          "translation": "to prepare a betrayal",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to forge, to hammer"
      ],
      "id": "en-kovati-zlw-ocs-verb-nV4DuZ9t",
      "links": [
        [
          "forge",
          "forge"
        ],
        [
          "hammer",
          "hammer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkoʋaci/",
      "note": "13ᵗʰ CE"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkovaci/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kovati"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "kov"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovadlina"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovadlník"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovatel"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovač"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovárna"
    },
    {
      "word": "kovář"
    },
    {
      "word": "podkova"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "word": "kovat"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "word": "kout"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "*kewh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kewh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*kauˀ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/kauˀ-"
    ],
    [
      "*kovati",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati"
    ],
    [
      "*kovati",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-ocs",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "sla-pro:*kovati",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kewh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *kowh₂-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der.\nProto-Slavic *kovati\nOld Czech kovati\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*kowh₂-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*kewh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kauˀ-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kovati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Czech\", \"term\" : \"kovati\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-ocs\" }\" data-lang=\"zlw-ocs\" data-title=\"kovati\">\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kewh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *kowh₂-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-der.\nProto-Slavic *kovati\nOld Czech kovati\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovati",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovat",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovánie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujevě (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujem (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujvě (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujme (-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuješ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujú",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovach",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachově (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachom (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovách",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiech",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechově (-va)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechom (-me/-my)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kova",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovasta (-šta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovaste (-šte)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujieše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešta (-sta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešte (-ste)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kova",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovasta (-šta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovachu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujieše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovášta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiešta (-sta)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováchu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujiechu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "koval",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "l-participle",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovali",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kován",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "l-participle",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovale",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "l-participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovaly",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "l-participle",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováně",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovány",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovalo",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovale",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "l-participle",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovala",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováno",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kováně",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kována",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovav",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúci",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavši",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúci",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kujúce",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovav",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavši",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kovavše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zlw-ocs-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "V",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "a": "impf"
      },
      "expansion": "kovati impf",
      "name": "zlw-ocs-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "2": "tr",
        "3": "5d"
      },
      "name": "zlw-ocs-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Czech",
  "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Czech class 5 verbs",
        "Old Czech entries with etymology texts",
        "Old Czech entries with etymology trees",
        "Old Czech entries with etymon",
        "Old Czech entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Czech imperfective verbs",
        "Old Czech lemmas",
        "Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
        "Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
        "Old Czech terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kewh₂-",
        "Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
        "Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Old Czech terms with collocations",
        "Old Czech verbs",
        "Pages using etymon with no ID",
        "Pages with 3 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Pages with etymology trees",
        "Pages with etymon"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              6
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              10
            ]
          ],
          "english": "to prepare a betrayal",
          "tags": [
            "collocation"
          ],
          "text": "kovati zradu",
          "translation": "to prepare a betrayal",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to forge, to hammer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "forge",
          "forge"
        ],
        [
          "hammer",
          "hammer"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkoʋaci/",
      "note": "13ᵗʰ CE"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkovaci/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
    }
  ],
  "word": "kovati"
}

Download raw JSONL data for kovati meaning in Old Czech (12.5kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nt-participle'",
  "path": [
    "kovati"
  ],
  "section": "Old Czech",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "kovati",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 's-participle'",
  "path": [
    "kovati"
  ],
  "section": "Old Czech",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "kovati",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Czech dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.